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Laboratory Results




Great Moments Lecture Series
2007

Dr. Elizabeth Murchison, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The Devil's Own Hell: Tasmanian Devil Transmissible Cancer
The Tasmanian devil is a marsupial carnivore native to the island of Tasmania. A common sight around Tasmania until recently, the devil is now threatened due to a deadly transmissible cancer. This mysterious disease causes large disfiguring tumors on the head and neck of affected animals. The cancer leads to death within months. Apparently spread by direct contact, the infectious agent appears to be a rogue cancer cell. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory scientists are attempting to understand more about the genes that cause this cancer, with the hope of developing a test or treatment that can save the Tasmanian devil from extinction.

Dr. Bill Keyes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cancer and Aging: Getting the Balance Right
The cells of our body have developed highly intricate mechanisms that protect us from a variety of potentially damaging events, including those that would cause cancer. According to one theory, this protection from cancer may actually contribute to aging. Dr. Keyes will describe some ways cells protect themselves from damage and highlight how recent work from the Mills lab, using mouse models for cancer study, sheds new light on this area.

Dr. James Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Rules for Science
In 1953 James D. Watson, with Francis Crick, successfully proposed the double-helical structure for DNA. For this work, he and Crick, together with Maurice Wilkins, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. He has since received numerous honors and awards recognizing his many contributions to science and society. His writing career has generated the seminal text, Molecular Biology of the Gene, the best-selling autobiographical volume, The Double Helix, and recently published DNA: The Secret of Life. He became director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1968, and headed the Human Genome Project from 1989 to 1992. Since November 2003, Dr. Watson has served as Chancellor of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.



2006

Dr. Hollis Cline, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Seeing is believing: imaging brain development in the intact animal

For centuries scientists and philosophers have wondered how the brain develops so that we can think, respond to events in our world and carry on a conversation. Most studies on brain development are indirect because it is difficult to make direct observations of the generation of new cells in the brain and the establishment of brain connections. Recent technological advances allow scientists to observe directly the growth of cells in the brain and how they respond to changes in the environment. These direct observations give us key information on brain development under healthy and disease conditions.

Dr. Grigori Enikolopov, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Teaching and Old Dog New Tricks? Stem Cells in the Adult Brain

Scientists have long believed that the adult brain couldn't produce new nerve cells. During the last decade, the exciting discovery of neural stem cells shows that this is not true. Stem cells have a unique ability to self renew and to produce progenitor cells that eventually generate differentiated cells. In the adult brain, it is now believed that these cells play important roles in learning, memory and mood. Dr. Enikolopov will discuss the discovery of neural stem cells and their roles in the adult brain.

Mr. Anthony Leotta, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Finding Cancer Genes using MicroArrays
With the completion of the Human Genome Project, we now have sequence information about all the DNA in human beings. Now that we have the sequence, scientists are figuring out ways to use this information. One way that they are doing this is with DNA MicroArrays. A powerful MicroArray based technology called ROMA, developed at CSHL, is being used right now to detect the differences between normal human genomes and those with genetic diseases such as cancer and syndromes such as autism. Mr. Leotta will discuss what a MicroArray is, how a MicroArray created, how they are used and how the data is interpreted. He will also discuss some of the exciting discoveries that have already been made.



2005

Dr. Steven Schutzer, UMDNJ Department of Medicine
Lyme Disease

People who live in the northeastern United States, including New York, are at risk to contract Lyme disease from the bite of infected deer ticks. Although rarely fatal, Lyme disease must be diagnosed early for effective treatment using antibiotics. Come listen to Dr. Schutzer discuss how to recognize symptoms of Lyme disease and how laboratory research is being used to find new treatments.

Dr. Bill Tansey, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
To Make an Omelet You Gotta Break a Few Eggs: Protein Destruction and Cellular Control

Every living thing depends on proteins for survival. Proteins are the key constituents of the cell, and are ultimately responsible for determining whether cells grow, divide, or die. Cells therefore devote much of their energy to making the proteins they need for life. But it may surprise you that cells also devote a lot of resources to insure that proteins are destroyed. Dr. Tansey will discuss how, when it's important to take control of a process in biology, that there is simply no substitute for tearing proteins apart.

Dr. Alea Mills, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Genes By Design
We now have the technology to create specific alterations within the mammalian genome. The ability to make specific alterations within genes allows scientists to study how these genes function. Join us to find out how these "designer genes" are used as models that help us understand human disease.



2004

Dr. Joseph West, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cancer: Past, Present, and Future

Dr. West, CSHL researcher and founder of Codingstrand Inc., will discuss trends in cancer research with a particular emphasis on diagnostics and therapeutics. This talk will focus on how cancer therapy has been shaped by recent and past innovations in both technology and biology. Dr. West will conclude by discussing the prospect of personalized therapy based on individual genetic profiling.

Zachary Lippman, The Watson School of Biological Sciences
Jumping Genes: Parasites or Genome Controllers?

Barbara McClintock discovered "jumping genes," or transposons, in corn over 50 years ago. However, it wasn't the transposon's ability to jump that McClintock found fascinating. McClintock's research centered on how transposons might regulate important genes involved in plant and animal development - a theory that most of her colleagues found hard to believe. Recent work by Zachary Lippman, using a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana, is generating new evidence to support Dr. McClintock's revolutionary idea.


Allison Blum, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Memories of a Fly
The biological mechanisms of memory are highly similar across animal species. This means that many properties of memory that we discover for simple animals will also have applications for our understanding of human memory. The genetic methods that are available for experimental manipulation of fruit flies make for an ideal "model system" to study memory. Join us as Ms. Blum makes the case that flies do have memories!



2003

Dr. Thomas Volpe
, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The Silence of the Genes: Not Just the Lambs
Dr. Volpe is currently a post-doctoral fellow at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. For the past two years he has studied gene silencing in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the lab of Dr. Rob Martienssen. His research has focused on a form of post transcriptional gene regulation called RNA interference (RNAi). Dr. Volpe's studies have provided insight into the mechanism and biological role of RNAi, which has broad implications for understanding silencing phenomena in other organisms, including humans. These studies were highlighted in Science magazine's "Breakthrough of the Year" for 2002.


Dr. Richard McCombie
, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Sequence Analysis of the Human Genome
The goal of genomics research is to use the latest automated techniques to determine initially the structure, but ultimately the function of complex eukaryotic genomes. Dr. McCombie's approach includes two major components: (1) the application of high-throughput DNA sequence analysis; and (2) the improvement of technologies, strategies, and software for DNA sequence analysis. His current work focuses on participating in international collaborative efforts to analyze DNA sequences of the human genome and the genome of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. This talk will focus on recent advances in genomics and its impact on our understanding of human genetics.

Dr. Yuri Lazebnik, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
What action movies have to do with your everyday life
Dr. Lazebnik's laboratory focuses on finding ways to kill cancer cells. In particular, he studies mechanisms of apoptosis, a type of cell death that is executed by specialized cellular machinery. This lecture will describe the rules that govern life and death of cells in the human body, and will explain how breaking these rules leads to disease.


2002

Dr. Peter Mombaerts, The Rockefeller University
Cloning and Embryonic Stem Cells
The cloning of mammals by nuclear transfer was brought to public attention in 1997 with the announcement of Dolly. To date, cows, sheep, goats, pigs and mice have been cloned using nuclei of cells taken from adult organisms. In a parallel line of research, the use of human and mouse embryonic stem cell lines has opened entirely new perspectives in regenerative medicine. This talk will focus on Dr. Mombaerts research, which combines these technologies and focuses on the generation of embryonic stem cell lines from adult mice using nuclear transfer.

Dr. Vivek Mittal, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Exploring Cancer with DNA Microarrays
DNA microarrays – short DNA sequences spotted on a surface – have revolutionized the study of gene expression. By determining which spots of DNA bind to probes made from messenger RNA extracted from a biological sample, scientists can obtain an instant snapshot of the activity of thousands of genes at one time. Dr. Mittal's talk will focus on the technology of microarray construction using precision robotics and the use of DNA microarray technology to compare activity of all genes in cancerous and normal cells.

Dr. Maureen O'Leary, SUNY Stony Brook
The Origins of Whales: Discovering an Evolutionary Transition From Land to Sea Using Molecules and Bones
Determining which mammals are the closest relatives of whales has traditionally been a difficult problem for evolutionary biologists because the anatomy of whales is very different from that of mammals that live on land. New fossil discoveries of fifty million year old whales that had fully developed hind limbs and recent examinations of DNA sequences have added new data to this research problem. Dr. O'Leary's talk will focus on combining both of these types of data to provide the best test of hypotheses about the family history of whales. Her work suggests that among living mammals, whales are most closely related to even-toed ungulates such as pigs, hippos, cows, and camels.


2001

Dr. Gregory Hannon, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The Role of Cell Proliferation Control in Cancer
The proliferation of normal cells is tightly regulated by a number of signaling mechanisms. However, in tumor cells these mechanisms are generally disrupted. Dr. Hannon's present areas of interest include understanding the minimum genetic requirements for transformation of human cells and the basis of genomic instability. This talk will discuss his research, which focuses on ways to identify the genetic alterations that contribute to this loss of control, and what it means for cancer research.

Mr. Robert Baumann, Forensic Scientist, Suffolk County Crime Laboratory
The Use of DNA in Criminal Investigations
Genetic analysis of biochemical markers detectable in body fluids had its origins in the early 1900s. The ability to discriminate differences among individuals in the forensic context was limited until the introduction of DNA testing in the late 1980s. As progress in DNA technology is made, so is the ability of the forensic scientist to solve crimes. Mr. Baumann will discuss the various techniques used in contemporary crime scene DNA isolation and analysis, and the impact that DNA typing has had on crime investigation.

Dr. Howard Rosenbaum, American Museum of Natural History
Working With Whales in the Field and in the Lab: DNA as a Useful Tool for Conserving the Worlds Largest Creatures
The use of genetic techniques to address questions concerning population biology and systematics (relationships) among endangered species has allowed researchers to gain valuable insight necessary to promote and advance conservation efforts. The emerging fields of conservation genetics and molecular ecology integrate the most recent genetic advances with extensive field biodiversity surveys. Subject to long periods of historical and commercial whaling, many populations of whales were reduced to drastically low numbers with some facing risk of extinction. This talk will focus on the use of DNA markers to understand whale population dynamics and species relationships, both from current and historical samples (ancient DNA) and how these data are applied to conserve the great whales.


2000

Dr. Hollis Cline, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Making Connections: Brain Activity, Gene Expression, and the Positive-Feedback Loop
This talk will explore the effect of brain activity, from sensory stimulation, on strengthening the connections in the brain. Brain activity may increase the development of the parts of the brain concerning that activity, thus forming a positive-feedback loop. Dr. Cline will focus on the how brain activity can increase the expression of some genes that participate in the positive-feedback loop.

Mr. David Micklos, Director of the Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The American Eugenics Movement
David Micklos will present a narrated slide show on eugenics, a popular scientific and social movement of the first part of the 20th century. "The science of human improvement through better breeding," eugenics became the justification for discriminatory social practices in the United States and mass genocide in Nazi Germany. The slide show draws from rare materials from the archives of the Eugenics Record Office, which functioned at Cold Spring Harbor from 1910-1940.

Dr. Alex Greenwood, Museum of Natural History
Working With Ancient DNA: Genetic Analysis of the Woolly Mammoth
Working with ancient DNA has allowed researchers to look into the biological past. Quite often, this information is useful in solving biological questions of the present. Dr. Greenwood will discuss the challenges, contributions, and limitations of working with ancient DNA. The talk will focus on his research of the Woolly Mammoth, concluding with thoughts on "Raising the Mammoth" through cloning.


1999

Dr. John Kruper, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Biology's Gold Rush: Mining Genes from the Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is the worldwide effort to determine the complete sequence of human DNA and of the DNA of selected model organisms. Given the increasing pace of this and related projects, we will soon take for granted ready access to huge amounts of genomic data. At this point, the challenge will be understanding those data and using the understanding to solve real-world problems. This talk will introduce bioinformatics, the new scientific field that unites molecular genomics and information science.

Dr. Michael Greenberg, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Molecular Studies on HIV Nef, an Essential Viral Protein
Evidence from HIV-1 infected individuals and from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus monkey model of AIDS indicates that Nef is an important determinant of viral pathogenicity. Understanding the functional consequences of the interactions between viral proteins and the cellular regulatory machinery will be the focus of this talk.

Dr. Richard McCombie, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Sequence Analysis of Complex Genomes
The goal of genomics research is to use the latest automated techniques to determine initially the structure, but ultimately the function of complex eukaryotic genomes. This talk will focus on recent advances in our ability to do this and its impact on our understanding of cancer genetics.


1998

Dr. Linda Van Aelst, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The Role of Cell Signaling in Cancer
Signal transduction refers to chemical pathways used by cells to control growth. An important class of enzymes that participate in signal transduction is known as GTPases. This talk will describe the important roles played by GTPases in such diverse processes as cancer, gene regulation, and cytoskeletal organization.

Dr. Jan Witkowski, Director of the Banbury Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Ian Had a Little Lamb: The Cloning of Dolly
The cloning of a sheep from an adult cell surprised the public and triggered an intense debate over the use and misuse of genetic technology. This talk will describe the cloning experiment performed by Ian Wilmut and coworkers and describe the attendant controversy within the scientific community and among the general public.

Dr. Karel Svoboda, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Imaging Neurons in Action
Until recently it has been difficult, if not impossible, to observe the working of neurons in living organisms. This talk will describe use of an emerging technology called two-photon imaging that can view individual neurons or clusters of neurons in the brains of living animals. This technology promises to advance neurobiology to the next level.


1997

Dr. Nouria Hernandez, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Transcription of Viral and Cellular Genes by RNA Polymerases II and III
Eukaryotic cells use three different polymerases to transcribe RNA from DNA. The choice of which RNA polymerase is used for a particular gene is determined by the specificity of the promoter and the interaction with transcription factors. This talk will discuss mechanisms that govern RNA polymerase selection in the expression of human small nuclear RNA genes and from the HIV-1 promoter.

Dr. Leemor Joshua-Tor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Proteins in Three Dimensions
Determining the three dimensional structure of proteins can provide valuable information as to their function in the cell. Some proteins are involved with human disease and are targets for drug interactions. This talk will describe techniques used to obtain structural information and how this data can aid in the creation of "designer drugs."

Dr. Hollis Cline, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Control of Brain Development by Sensory Activity
The developing brain must establish a complex network of synaptic connections. Although it is known that neuronal activity (experience) can influence this process, the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. This talk will describe some of the cellular mechanisms that control neuronal growth, synaptic formation, and the development of organized sensory projections between different brain regions.


1996

Dr. Jan Witkowski, Director of the Banbury Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The New Human Genetics

Dr. Robert DeSalle, American Museum of Natural History
The Science of Jurassic Park

Dr. Scott Lowe, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cancer and Cell Suicide


1995

Mr. Syd Mandelbaum, Imagen Instrumentation
Historical DNA Cases: The Solving of the Anastasia Mystery
Over the years a number of women have claimed to be Anastasia, youngest daughter of Russian monarchs Nicholas II and Alexandra, who were murdered during the Bolshevik Revolution. The most serious claim was that of Anna Anderson, whose story inspired a 1956 movie "Anastasia" starring Ingrid Bergman. Although Mrs. Anderson died in 1984 and was cremated, Mr. Mandelbaumwill explain how some strands of hair found in an old book provided the key to unlocking the mystery of her identity.

Dr. Michael Hengartner, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Apotosis: Why and How Cells Commit Suicide
Death is a normal part of life. This is also true for our cells: over the last ten years, biologists have realized that cells possess a molecular program that allows them to commit suicide. This talk (of which the unlikely star is a tiny soil nematode called C. elegans) will discuss how and why cells die, and why we should care about it (hint: cancer).

Mr. David Micklos, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
DNA and OJ
The O.J. Simpson case has brought the term DNA fingerprinting into popular culture. But how does a DNA "bar code" identify a person any better or worse than a thumb print? How is a DNA fingerprint made? How accurate is it? Why does it take so long? Will it save or destroy O.J.? Get some understandable answers to these and other questions – as well as a leg up in solving the crime of the century.



1994


Dr. Greg Freyer, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
Fixing DNA
Most cells contain DNA repair enzymes that search for and correct mutations in chromosomes, which result from exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, orchemicals, or from mistakes that occur during DNA replication. Dr. Freyer will describe his recent work that led to the discovery of a new type of DNA repair system in yeast. Formerly on the staff of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Dr.Freyer is coauthor of the textbook DNA Science.

Dr. Xiaodong Cheng, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
A Surprising Structure of DNA
Methylases are a class of enzymes found in prokaryotic cells that add methyl groups to specific DNA sequences, thus protecting the DNA from digestion by restriction enzymes. Dr. Cheng will describe his recent X-ray crystallographic studies to solve the three-dimensional structure of HhaI methylase bound to its DNA recognition sequence – with the surprising result that the methylase displaces a single nucleotide causing it to swing outside the DNA helix. Dr.Cheng did this work in collaboration with Dr. Richard Roberts, winner of the1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Dr. Tim Tully, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Genes and Memory
A number of researchers are now identifying gene mutations that affect learningand memory in simple organisms. Dr. Tully will describe his work to identify atranscription factor (CREB) that controls the activity of one or more genes involved in long-term memory in the fruit fly Drosophila. Tully's group has generated transgenic flies that carry a genetically engineered CREB gene, which can be induced by exposure to heat to turn off long-term memory.


1993

David A. Micklos, DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Eugenics: From Science to Social Quackery
Mr. Micklos will present a narrated slide show on eugenics, a popular scientific and social movement of the first part of the 20th century. "The science of human improvement through better breeding," eugenics became the justification for discriminatory social policies in the United States and mass genocidein Nazi Germany. The slide show draws from rare materials from the archives of the Eugenics Record Office, which functioned at Cold Spring Harbor from 1910-40.

Dr. Seth Grant, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
How Do Genes Control the Way the Brain Stores Memories?
Dr. Grant is interested in the molecular signaling mechanisms through which nerve circuits are modified by experience, producing what we know as learning and memory. Using transgenic mice, he has examined several genes that encode enzymes known to transmit signals inside many types of cells. He recently showed that mice missing the gene for one of these signaling molecules – Fyntryosine kinase – have impaired ability to learn and remember.

Dr. William Lennarz, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY at StonyBrook
Sperm Meets Egg
Dr. Lennarz leads a team of researchers that recently identified a cell-surface receptor that allows sperm to recognize and "dock" on the egg cell. His research with sea urchins promises to aid our understanding of early development and provide new insight into how species arise during evolution. It is possible that this discovery will lead to a new form of birth control for humans and help to solve some types of infertility problems.

Dr. Michael Gilman, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
To Grow or Not to Grow: How a Cell Decides
Dr. Gilman's research is concerned with signal transduction, or how extracellular signals are communicated to the nucleus. His work focuses on the proto-oncogene c-fos that plays a role in some forms of cancer. Dr. Gilman uses a combination of gene transfer and biochemical techniques to isolate DNA sequences from c-fos and to identify DNA binding proteins that interact withthose sequences. He also uses a simple yeast genetic system to provide clues to the organization of mammalian signaling pathways.


1992

Dr. Kenneth Culver, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
The First Human Gene Therapy Trials
Dr. Culver is part of a team working on the first human gene therapy trials atthe National Institutes of Health at Bethesda. As the pediatrician directly in charge of patient care, he will describe the initial results in treating two children with adenosine diaminase (ADA) deficiency, a usually fatal immune disorder.

Dr. Robert Shaler, Director of Forensic Biology, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, NYC
Using DNA in Criminal Investigations
DNA identity testing has already had a dramatic impact in thousands of felony cases. Dr. Shaler will discuss the use of DNA "fingerprinting" and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in criminal cases, using examples from his work in NewYork City.

Dr. Ron Davis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
The Molecular Basis of Learning and Memory
Dr. Davis studies memory and learning at the molecular and cellular levels. Hewill describe his work on mutations of Drosophila "dunce" and "rutabaga" genes which produce characteristic dysfunctions in memory. Dr. Davis is also workingto determine whether these genes relate to learning and memory in mammalian brains.

Dr. Winship Herr, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Variability
Dr. Herr will describe his research on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS. He studies the variability in regulatory sequences of the HIV virus from infected individuals. These variations may affect the progression of AIDS.


1991

Dr. Elizabeth Fenjves, Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, SUNY at Stony Brook
Clinical Applications of Human Gene Therapy
Dr. Fenjves' research involves the study of keratinocytes that make up the epidermis and their possible use in gene therapy. She will discuss other tissues that can be used in gene therapy, including bone marrow transplants to treat patients with severe immune deficiencies. The ethical considerations of gene therapy will also be discussed.

Dr. Carol Grieder, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Telomerase and Aging
Dr. Greider works on the structure and replication of telomeres, the specialized sequences that cap chromosome ends and stabilize the chromosomes within the nucleus. Telomeric sequences also allow the ends of chromosomes to be completely copied during cell division. Recently, Dr. Grieder has found that telomeres shorten as human cells age and is exploring how this loss may contribute to cell death and the aging process.

Dr. Scott Henderson and Raymond O'Keefe, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
3-D Organization of the Cell Nucleus
Scott Henderson and Ray O'Keefe work in the laboratory of Dr. David Spector,which uses advanced laser microscopy to study the structural and functional organization of the cell nucleus. Three-dimensional models of DNA replication and in situ hybridization are used to localize chromosomes and genes during the cell cycle. A video of computer-enhanced images dramatically shows that the nuclear material is not random, but has a complex spatial and temporal organization.

Dr. Jack Balentine, Supervisor, Biological Science Section, Suffolk County Crime Lab
DNA Typing in Forensic Case Work
Dr. Balentine will discuss the application of DNA technology to forensic science – how knowledge of DNA is used to solve legal problems. He will present actual cases that illustrate the use of DNA "fingerprinting" (DNA typing) in a crime lab.